Diabetes mellitus is a disease that most commonly affects middle-aged dogs. It occurs when the pancreas does not produce the insulin that is needed to regulate blood glucose levels. Therefore, a dog’s blood glucose will be persistently high, which increases the risk for additional complications. Although the exact mechanism of this disease is not known, it is thought to be an inappropriate attack on the pancreas by the patient’s own immune system. Thus, it is referred to as an autoimmune disease.
Clinical Signs
The most common clinical signs include increased thirst, excessive urination, and weight loss despite an increased appetite. Pet parents may notice they are refilling the water bowl more frequently or that their dogs need to be let outside more often.
Diagnosis
Your pet’s veterinarian will first obtain a thorough patient history. If diabetes is a likely diagnosis, blood and urine samples will be collected to check for evidence of increased glucose levels.
Management
Diabetes management consists of daily insulin injections. These injections are given with a meal in order to reduce the risk of an episode of low blood glucose. Typically dosing occurs twice daily, but the dosage and frequency will vary based on individual needs. Your pet’s veterinarian can provide guidance on injection techniques as well as how to check blood glucose at home if necessary. A specially formulated high fiber diet may also be prescribed to help regulate glucose.
Complications
Persistently increased blood glucose levels can have negative effects on many body systems, including the kidneys, heart, and eyes. It is not uncommon to see diabetic dogs experience hypertension that may need additional management. Most diabetic dogs will also develop cataracts, which can lead to blindness.
Prognosis
Proper insulin dosing at home coupled with regular veterinary checkups can help manage diabetes and prevent additional complications. It is important to know that it may take several months after initiating treatment for a dog’s glucose to become regulated. Your veterinarian will determine an appropriate type of insulin and dosing schedule to meet the individual needs of the patient. Managing diabetes requires strong vigilance by the pet parent, but most dogs can go on to live long, happy lives with appropriate treatment and monitoring.